The Binary Opposition Of Master And Servant In Jane Eyre

The binary opposition of master/servant is present throughout the novel. An evident example of rejection of the master/servant theme can be seen in the relationship between John Reed and Jane. Although Jane is an apparent member of John’s foster family, she is often treated of a lower class because of her orphaned status and low wealth. John Reed shows a strong inferiority as he claims himself ‘master’ when he is yet a child of the household. This is best portrayed by a scene in chapter 1 when Jane asks John, â€Å"’What do you want?’†, whereupon John replies, â€Å"’Say, ‘What do you want master Reed?’’† Jane evidently shows a rejection to the claim remarking, â€Å"’Master! How is he my master? Am I a servant?’† (Bronte, 1847). The title of ‘master’†¦show more content†¦John. Throughout the novel, Jane experiences and struggles against different forms of dependence , however, her actions and conduct of provoking society make her stand out from the traditional idea of women’s dependency. Jane’s actions are more so expressed from a male’s expectation of independence rather than a woman, as her behaviour is not accepted in women yet encouraged for men. Therefore, this pride and passion is what causes Jane to transgress the binary oppositions; she leaves the expected role of a dependent woman and challenges the societal normalities. Throughout the novel, Jane struggles to reach independence, as she talks back, leaves people that treat her poorly and only accepts situations which are self beneficial. By turning down the situations that she believes would hold her back Jane moves towards independence. The proposal from her cousin St. John is an example of this. Jane discovers that his marriage would be a disadvantage and would hold her back from her struggle of independence, thus finding that she would be â€Å"chained for life to a man who regards one but as a useful tool† (Bronte, 1847). The different forms of dependence Jane experiences in the novel are gradually overcome and Jane changes from being dependent to independent, therefore challenging her social hierarchy and dominating female societal labels. The binary opposition of rich/poor might traditionally be connected more so to social status than to gender, however, there

Sociological Implications Of The Modern Economy And The...

When describing the sociological implications of the modern economy and the workplace environment there are many subject to think about like: depend on the type of job, professional training, and level of occupational achievement and that person self of esteem and social approval. Today’s jobs and career’s depend on that persons qualifications they have to be qualified to do that particular job. Many jobs strive to reward their employee with bonuses, gift card or paid time off. Some employer try to fix that person self-esteem, by try to make them more successful and giving them more work hours. Spending so much time at work build your sociability with your co-works, it build creditable with your skills, and it give you the income you need to live the way you like. When a person work so many hours at work they build social skills with the people around them. While working some people feel so insecure in their jobs that they have to get multiple jobs just to make sure the y are stable and they have steady income coming in. According to (Hutton, 1995) describes Britain as the 40-30-30 society: 40% of the male population of working age have secure jobs, 30% are not working, and 30% are in insecure jobs. One reason people feel like this is because the job market is so strict that these employer, just want you to do the job and go home. Some employers do not care who you are and what you are about .Their main focus is get to their product out so you can make their money for them.Show MoreRelatedEconomic Growth And Development Of Development6644 Words   |  27 Pagesrestriction of collective bargaining, downsizing and commercialization of state corporations and businesses along the lines of market economy and democratization (Veltmeyer, 2011). These constitute the prescription of the IMF and are still dominant today. 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Invention and Innovation

Question: Identify the difference between invention and innovation and how innovation can be successfully implemented to achieve growth in an industry. Answer: Invention and Innovation In the current business environment, innovation is the key to organizations success. With time, the organizations have expanded in different geographical areas. With this expansion, the organizations have got the access to new market places. However, it has also increased the competition. It is important that the organizations should understand their core competency and develop a unique positioning in the market. Innovation is one thing that could help the organizations to develop their core competency (Ortlieb, 2015). The framework of Strategic innovation connects seven perspectives together that drive growth in the organization. This essay is based on the innovative framework of Google Inc. The company, Google Inc. was established in the year 1998 and since then it has expanded in different parts of the world. The success of Google could be attributed to its innovation and unique solutions. Innovation is different that Invention and being innovative does not necessarily means to be inventive. The term, Invention can be defined as the creation of a product or introduction of a process for the first time. Innovation, on the other hand, occurs if someone improves or makes a significant contribution to an existing product, process or service. Both innovation and invention is the core of organizational growth and development. Google Inc. has focuses on both invention and innovation (Wang, 2013). The main product of the Google Inc. is the search engine. However, this product was not an invention. When Google Inc. launched the search engine; there were existing players in the market with the same product. However, Googles search engine was more efficient (Plank, 2013). Therefore, consumers shifted to Google to use the search engine and hence, this was an innovation for the company and not the invention. Generally the addition of features and the ease of use are associated with the innovation of the product. However, to develop the product first time is associated with the invention. For example, the steam engine was an invention in itself. However, a steam engine tied to carts that can carry passengers was not an invention but innovation. In a classical sense it can be said that invention is the beginning point of any activity and innovation follows that activity. The invention of wheel was possibly the greatest achievement of human kind. However, there are number of innovation that make this achievement great. Without the innovation applied on the usage of wheel, the wheel would not be a great invention. Therefore, it is important that the innovation should always be tied up with invention (Mickiewicz, 2013). The major driver of innovation is the pace with which world is changing. The organizations have realized that there are fast changes in the external ecosystem. The mobile phone was an invention. However, this invention has seen a lot of innovation to keep the customers busy. There is a framework for Strategic Innovation. Within this framework, there are seven different branches, which help to produce innovation that is growth driven. Large organizations like Google have realized that this innovation helps a company to reach their goals, and helps to bring new ideas and products to a company (Bosma, 2013). The world is forever changing, so companies need to ensure that they are continually innovative. The first dimension of this framework is a managed innovation processes. It states that the companies should have the process that facilitates innovation. Google Inc. can be termed high on process led innovation. The management of Google realizes the importance of innovation. This is one of the reasons that employees are encouraged to think out of the box. The company has followed an open and flexible process where employees are considered an important part of the strategic decision making. Google Inc. score high on innovation because it has a managed innovation process and the employees of the company are encouraged to improve the process further. The second dimension of this framework is strategic alignment. This dimension states that the key stakeholders of the company should be aware of the strategic goals and objectives of the organization. Google Inc. scores high on this dimension. The management of the company has believed that its employees are the biggest assets. The employe es are important stakeholders of the company. The management has developed a platform where the personal goals and objectives of employees match with the organizational goals and objectives. It has helped to map the personal goals and objectives of employees with strategic goals and objectives. The management encourages the employees to participate in strategic decision making as the organizational growth and development depends on the participation of employees in organizational strategic decision-making process. The third dimension in the framework is, industry foresight. This dimension helps for people within the company to understand what drives change and to identify trends that are new to the business and its business area. Google Inc. operates in Information Technology industry that is driven by change. The product lifecycle of most of the products is very short in this industry. Google is a visionary company that has good industry foresight. The company is able to visualize the coming change in the market and the company is smart to change itself with any change in the market. The focus on innovation and flexible business processes has enabled the company to have a good industry foresight (Sambrook, 2009). The fourth dimension of this framework is, consumer insight. It states that the corporations must understand the needs and wants of the consumers. The liking of the people is never constant. There is a need that organizations should develop and launch the new products when the consum ers are bored from the current market offerings. The focus on consumer insight has helped Google Inc. to launch new products in the market at right time. The management of the company believes that the timing is important. The consumers should not be flooded with the new products and services at their disposal. The success factor is to launch new products ate regular time interval and without getting consumers confused. The fifth dimension of this framework is core technologies and competencies. These are internal and organizational capabilities within the business, which could be extracted and put to good use. Typically, the core competency is the source of positioning or differentiation. it would be correct to say that the innovation is the core competency of Google Inc. With the focus on innovation, Google Inc. has been able to develop a strong product differentiation in the market. The company has been able to spread itself in almost every part of the world and this has been possible only because of innovation as its core competency. The sixth dimension of this framework is organizational readiness. This dimension measures the readiness of the organization for the future changes that can happen within the organization. The changes in the organization could be driven by the internal or the external factors. Google Inc. is one such company that has been able to realize the internal and the externa l drivers of change. The company takes no time to implement new strategies and policies. Google Inc. has a flexible eco system and employees have accepted the quick change management as part of this culture. This is one of the reasons that the management does not hesitate to launch new strategies and polices at Google Inc. The seventh dimension of this framework is disciplined implementation (Santos, 2012). It states that while implementing the new ideas and strategies, its effectiveness will be dependent on how disciple a company has been when going forward with this innovative idea. It is important that the implementation of any new idea or strategy should get the required traction from the senior management of the company. Google Inc. does not score very high on this dimension as there are number of ideas being worked upon in the company. The employees are encouraged to come up with new ideas. However, it is not necessary that the management would listen to the ideas of all the e mployees. If the team feels that the idea has the potential to generate a huge number of user base, then only management would listen to the idea. It would be correct to say that innovation is the major growth driver for Google Inc. The success of the company would not be possible without the focus on innovation. The focus on the seven dimensions of strategic innovation framework has helped the company to attain success in less span of time. There are other companies in the market that are innovative. However, there are very limited companies that would score high on all the seven dimensions of this framework. Apple Inc. is another such company that is driven by innovation (Haynes, 2014). With respect to creativity and innovation, it can be said that both the companies have a lot in common to share. With the focus on innovation, Google Inc. has been able to get the required outcomes. One of the greatest outcomes for Google is an increase in the productivity of employees. With innovation, the company has developed a culture where employee involvement is high. The employees are able to work with high productivity as they consider themselves to be an integral part of the organization. It can be said that innovation has emerged as the core competency of Google Inc. The presence of core competency also enables the organizations to set differentiation in the market (Schreiber, 2015). This differentiation is necessary to target the customers. Therefore, the organizations must focus to develop the core competency. Another positive outcome of innovative ecosystem is the high motivation level of employees. At Google, the employees are motivated and encouraged to think out of the box and come up with new ideas and solutions. The management and the leadership team of the Google do not judge the employees even if their ideas fail. The innovation is the key and it has sparked the motivation among employees. It is important that the organizations should have a core competency that can differentiate them from competitions (Salmelin, 2013). The core competency is unique to organizations. In case, the competency is not present, the organization should focus to acquire the competency. The benchmarking would be a powerful tool to acquire the competency (Force, 2013). With this tool, the organization would do an external scanning to scan other players in the same industry who have the best Information Technology infrastructure. Then the next step would be to develop the specific goals and objectives to attain the core competency. It would include the procurement, training and development, and support and maintenance. The technological capabilities of employees couple with innovation drives the growth at Google Inc. It is expected that the company would continue to grow at a good growth rate. The company may not invent a lot of things. However, the company is committed to bring innovation in th e existing products. It has completely changed the way end-consumers use the technology product. The ease of use and the efficiency are the major outcome of innovation at Google Inc. The company has been able to establish a good brand image in the market. The customers trust the innovative products of the company. It is expected that the company would continue to make the use of seven dimensions of innovation framework to attain the path of continuous framework in its innovative eco system. References Baregheh, A., Rowley, J. Sambrook, S. (2009) Towards a multidisciplinary definition of innovation,Management Decision, 47 (8), pp.1323-1339. Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T., Stephan, U. (2013). Entrepreneurship, social capital, and institutions: Social and commercial entrepreneurship across nations.Entrepreneurship theory and practice,37(3), 479-504. Grissemann, U., Plank, A., Brunner-Sperdin, A. (2013). Enhancing business performance of hotels: The role of innovation and customer orientation. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 33, 347-356. Gu, Q., Wang, G. G., Wang, L. (2013). Social capital and innovation in RD teams: the mediating roles of psychological safety and learning from mistakes.RD Management,43(2), 89-102. Lepoutre, J., Justo, R., Terjesen, S., Bosma, N. (2013). Designing a global standardized methodology for measuring social entrepreneurship activity: the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor social entrepreneurship study.Small Business Economics,40(3), 693-714. Rudolf, S., Ortlieb, C., Tnnes, C., Schuh, G. (2015). Discovering product innovation potential within existing product architectures.Applied Mechanics Materials,794. Salmelin, B. (2013). The Horizon 2020 framework and Open Innovation Ecosystems.Journal of Innovation Management,1(2), 4-9. Santos, F. M. (2012). A positive theory of social entrepreneurship.Journal of business ethics,111(3), 335-351. Tarzian, A. J., Force, A. C. C. U. T. (2013). Health care ethics consultation: An update on core competencies and emerging standards from the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities Core Competencies Update Task Force.The American Journal of Bioethics,13(2), 3-13. Uschi Schreiber, 2015. Megatrends 2015: making sense of a world in motion. Ernst Young. pp. 1- 56 Qian, H. Haynes, K.E. (2014) Beyond innovation: the small business innovation research program as entrepreneurship policy,Journal of Technology Transfer, 39 (4), pp.524-543.

Vertebrate Zoology Research Paper Essay Example

Vertebrate Zoology Research Paper Essay 1. Actinopterygii Bony fishes are the dominant fishes today; they consist of two classes, Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes). Ray-finned fishes include most modern bony fishes. Lobe-finned fishes contain few living species. They include tetrapods, lung fishes and coelacanths. Sarcopterygii are considered to as ancestors of amphibians and other terrestrial vertebrates. The Actinopterygii, the class of ray-finned fishes, also called spiny rayed fishes, are the dominant class of vertebrates including about 30,000 species. This group is among the largest and the most successful groups of fishes and constitutes nearly 50% of all living vertebrates. Unfortunately, some of the species are becoming extinct faster than they can be discovered in some parts of the world, for example in the Amazon basin. Actinopterygii are extremely diverse and live in various environments, including lakes, desert springs, subterranean caves, ephemeral pools, polar seas and the depths of the ocean. Two main groups of ray-finned fishes: We will write a custom essay sample on Vertebrate Zoology Research Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vertebrate Zoology Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vertebrate Zoology Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Chondrosteans (e.g. sturgeons) have heterocercal tails and ganoid scales. Neopterygians – one lineage of early neopterygians led to the modern bony fishes (teleosts). Actinopterygians lost their heavy scales and instead developed spines, which are used as anti-predator devices when a fish cannot use speed to escape. The way the pelvic and pectoral fins are positioned also changed in the process of evolution. Instead of pelvic fins behind the pectoral fins, actinopterygians developed the pelvic fins positioned just below or even a little in front of the pectoral fins; in this position they help in increased maneuverability instead of being used simply as stabilizers, as in predecessors of modern actinopterygians. Symmetrical, homocercal, tail allows increased speed. Fins of Teleosts, for example, are diversified for a variety of functions: camouflage, communication, complex movements, streamlining, etc. Figure 1. Ray-finned fishes (Source: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology) Caudal propulsion, used in cruising and sprint swimming, acceleration, and fast turns, is very important in Actinopterygian swimming morphology, because it helps fishes to escape from enemies and catch food. The fins of Actinopterygians are very efficient: they allow for powerful swimming and give stability and maneuverability. Most probably, the evolutionary success of these species is mainly due to their morphological adaptation. a. Species that are pelagic (where fin is used for swimming only) Pelagic fishes are usually fast-swimming and often migrate over large distances in the sea. Some of the pelagic species include billfish, tunas, dorado and sharks. Actinopterygians’ adaptations for high speed include: Primarily axial locomotion: Anterior to posterior series of contractions of myomeres Muscles on one side contract while those on the other side relax. Minimizing drag / maximizing thrust: Viscous drag: due to friction with water. Favors thicker stouter body to minimize surface area. Small scales or no scales. Less flexible to reduce drag (not anguilliform). Inertial drag: turbulence created by displacement of water; increases with increasing speed. Favors streamlined (teardrop) shape. Force transferred from slender, muscular caudal peduncle. Fast swimmers have caudal fins with high aspect ratio (dorsal-ventral length/anterior-posterior width) to maximize thrust. Below some Actinopterygian pelagic species will be discussed. Albacore Tuna is a large oceanic fish, which can have very high speed. Its pectoral fins, located on each side of the body, are extremely long; deeply-forked tail fin helps create the power required to maintain the albacore tuna’s remarkable speeds. The pectoral fins of the albacore are very long, almost half of the fish’s length. The dorsal spines are 8 to 10 in number, and well forward of the rays of the dorsal fin. The anterior spines are much longer and provide a concave outline to the spiny part of the dorsal fin. Swimming of big-belly seahorse, also called Hippocampus abdominalis, is supported by the quickly oscillating dorsal fin; they steer using the fins on both sides of the body, the pectoral fins. b. Species that are bottom dwelling aquatic (fin/limb used for â€Å"walking† under water) Spotted Handfish (Brachionichthys hirsutus) is bottom dwelling fish that can swim, but is usually moves across the bottom of the ocean crawling on a pair of modified pectoral fins. It has highly adapted pectoral fins, which look like hands and allow it to walk on the sea floor. Spotted Handfish uses both the pectoral and ventral fins to scrawl. For swimming through the water, it uses the unpaired or ‘median’ fins – the tail and anal fin. Red-lipped Batfish (Ogcocephalus darwini) does not swim well. This fish use their pectoral fins to â€Å"walk† on the ocean floor. It has a shorter disk margin compared to porrectus but higher modal pectoral fin ray count. Atlantic Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) is the largest flatfish in the world. Flatfish show exceptional and characteristic anatomy that is adapted to their life on the sea floor – they are flattened sideways and usually lie on one side of their body, instead of being flattened from top to bottom like many others of the sea bed. 2. Sarcopterygii Sarcopterygians, the class of lobe-finned fishes, have lobed-paired fins and these fins are connected to the body by one bone. The fins evolved into legs of the amphibians. They also had two dorsal fins with separate bases, unlike the single dorsal fin of actinopterygians. Sarcopterygians have lobe in their fins. Unlike other fish, sarcopterygian fish has a central appendage in their fins with many bones and muscles. Their fins are very flexible and can support their body on land, as in lungfish and tetrapods. The lobe fins of sarcopterygii are fleshy and similar to the limbs of land animals, unlike the fins of Actinopterygii. Sarcopterygii are not represented only by the coelacanth, six species of lungfishes and four species of Protopterus. Lobed-finned fishes include 2 species of coelacanths and 6 species of lungfishes. This group was much more plentiful during the Devonian period. All early sarcopterygians had lungs as well as gills and a heterocercal tail.Later sarcopterygians have a continuous flexible fin around the tail. They have fleshy, paired lobed fins, which allowed to scuttle along the bottom. a. Species that are pelagic (where fin is used for swimming only) Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) have limb-like, lobed pectoral and pelvic fins and a distinctive tail consisting of three separate lobes. They are closest link between fish and the first amphibians. Coelacanths are not like many other existing fishes. They have an extra lobe on the tail, paired lobed fins, and a vertebral column that is not fully developed. Coelacanths have paired fins, which move in a similarly to human arms and legs. b. Species that are bottom dwelling aquatic (fin/limb used for â€Å"walking† under water) Lungfish that exist nowadays have an extended body with fleshy paired pectoral and pelvic fins and a single unpaired caudal fin replacing the dorsal, caudal, and anal fin of most fishes. Lungfishes are the closest living relative of tetrapods. Lungfishes are bottom dwelling predators. The lungfishes developed the first proto-lungs and proto-limbs. The lungfishes adapted to use their stubby fins (proto-limbs) to walk on land and find new water if it is necessary, and use their lungs to breathe air. Lungfish attacks almost everything that moves. c. Terrestrial (fin/limb used for walking on land) Some lobe-finned fish have developed several characteristics, which indicate that they were ancestors of the amphibians. One of these characteristics was presence of skeletal components in the dorsal fins that probably evolved into tetrapod limbs. The early amphibians already possessed feet and limbs for walking. Primitive tetrapods developed from Sarcopterygii. Most probably the earliest tetrapods, for example Acanthostega, lived only in water and were not adjusted to the life on land at all. As some scientists suggest, after a pond or lake where tetrapods lived in dried out, they had to adjust to the new environment and evolved legs and lungs in order to adapt to the terrestrial locomotion. The ray-finned fish have fins supported by slim rays and do not contain muscles. The advanced characteristics that make ray-finned fish very successful evolved during the Triassic. These advanced traits include hydrostatic air bladders, streamlining of body and fins and reduction of scales. Actinopterygii, compared to Sarcopterygii, possess increasing mobility of fins. Overall, all the fish species had to solve the locomotion problem and did it in different ways adjusting to the environment. Bibliography: